Types of osteoarthritis: symptoms and treatment methods

Arthosis is a chronic joint disease, accompanied by pathological changes in the hyaline cartilage, and later in adjacent tissues, an articular capsule and a synovial cover.

The defeat is of a distributing and degenerative nature, which leads to a change in the structure of the joint tissues, the loss of their functionality.According to the data of the same statistics, osteoarthritis is subject to 12% of the total population of the planet.From 62% to 65% of all episodes of the disease fall on people over 60 years.

Another 30-35% of cases of articular damage to this pathology are found in patients from 40 to 60 years.And about 3% have young people aged 20 to 40.

What is it?

In simple words, osteoarthritis is a chronic disease in which changes in degenerative progressive degenerative develop in the joint due to a violation of metabolic processes.It is the most common articular pathology, it is diagnosed in 6-7% of the population.With age, the incidence increases dramatically.

Most of the time, with osteoarthritis, the small joints of the brush are involved in the pathological process (in women 10 times more often than in men), the thumb of the foot, the intervertebral joints of the thoracic and cervical column, as well as the knee and hip joints.The osteoarthritis of knee and hip joints occupies a leading place in terms of gravity of clinical manifestations and a negative effect on the quality of life.

Arthrosis is characterized by comprehensive damage to joint and auxiliary devices:

• Condritis: inflammatory changes in the cartilage of the joint;
• Osteitis: affectation in the pathological process of subject bone structures;
• Synovitis: inflammation of the inner layer of the articular capsule;
• Burit - defeat of the Perioseman bags;
• Reactive inflammation of soft tissues (muscles, subcutaneous fiber, ligament apparatus) located in the projection of the joint involved (periarticular inflammation).

The disease is detected in 2%of people under 45, in 30%of 45 to 64 years and in 65-85%of 65 years or more.The greatest clinical importance, due to its negative impact on the standard of living and the ability of patients, is the osteoarthritis of the large and medium -sized joints of the limbs.

Types of osteoarthritis

Depending on the cause of the pathological process, primary, secondary and idiopathic osteoarthritis is distinguished within the joint.

Primary develops as an independent, secondary disease, as a result of an injury or infection, and the cause of the idiopathic form is unknown.In addition to the classification of the disease, depending on the cause of the pathological process, osteoarthritis is distinguished in the place of location of destructive changes:

1. Gonarrosis is the most common type of pathology, characterized by damage to knee joints.Most of the time, gonarrosis is detected in people with excess weight, with chronic metabolic diseases in the body, weak immunity.Knee osteoarthritis progresses for a long time and gradually leads to a complete loss of motor function.
2. The osteoarthritis of the shoulder joint is the main cause of the degenerative processes in this area are congenital abnormalities of the development of the shoulder joint or excessive loads in this area, for example, when heavy treasures are used on the shoulders.
3. The osteoarthritis of the ankle: the main causes of the development of degenerative processes in the ankle joint suffer injuries, dislocations, stretching, fractures.In some cases, the development of the pathological process can cause an autoimmune disease: rheumatoid arthritis.Ankle osteoarthritis is prone to dancers, women with high heels, athletes.

4. Unkoarthrosis or osteoarthritis of the cervical region: the causes are neck injuries, progressive osteochondrosis, obesity, inactive lifestyle.At risk, people who work on the computer are in offices.In addition to severe pain in the neck, patients have pronounced dizziness, inhibition of consciousness, deterioration of memory and fatigue.These symptoms are due to the compression of the vertebral artery through which nutrients and oxygen enter the brain.
5. Coksarrosis or osteoarthritis of the hip joint: the main cause of the occurrence are the changes related to age in the joints of the joint.At risk, people over 45 years old.
6. Osteoarthrosis of the fingers: It develops for the same reason as spondilatrosis.
7. Polyrrosis: characterized by damage to multiple joints with progressive degenerative processes in them, while ligaments, muscles and tissue joints are involved in the pathological process.
8. Spondylelartrosis: destructive destruction is subject to tissues of the spine, namely its lumbar department.In a woman's risk group during the occurrence of menopause, since spondilatrosis progresses in the context of a female sex hormones deficiency.

The causes of osteoarthritis

The formation of osteoarthritis is facilitated by two causes: the load and absence of a complete nutrition that supplies vitamins, minerals for tissue restoration.The joints of each person carry a load.Athletes and dancers, with physical work, the load on their feet is greater, which means that bone joints are wearing faster and require high quality nutrition.With a quiet lifestyle, the support device is slower, but also requires a periodic renewal of fabrics.

Therefore, the main condition for the destruction and deformation of the joints is lower nutrition, not to disassemble useful components, which often occurs in case of metabolic disorders.

We list the factors that contribute to the wear of joint compounds and metabolic disorders:

• Muscle weakness and inappropriate load of the joints.The weakening of one or more muscles increases the load in the joint and distributes it unevenly within the bone compound.Incorrect muscle load is also formed for flat feet, therefore, scoliosis, with these "harmless" diseases with age, cartilage tissues are wearing, osteoarthritis appears.
  

  The probability of osteoarthritis increases with strong physical effort.

  If daily charges exceed the abilities of bone tissues, microtraumas are formed in them.Thickness arise in the places of injury, which over time grow and deform the joint;

• Metabolic disorders (gastrointestinal disease: stagnation of bile, dysbiosis, gastritis, cholecystitis, pancreatitis, metabolic disease - diabetes);
• Psychosomatic causes: the psychosomatic osteoarthritis confirms that the cause of the disease becomes a negative emotional state.Stress forms muscle spasm, constant stress interrupts the nutrition of all tissues (internal organs, bones, joints);
• Inheritance (the type of metabolism is inherited and its possible violations, a tendency to muscle weakness or incorrect formation of the bone apparatus, to bad digestion, which is the basis for the development of osteoarthritis in old age).

Arthrosis is a disease of worn joints that have lost a significant supply of mineral substances and the ability to counteract charges and destruction.Therefore, with age, the predisposition to the disease increases.After 70 years, osteoarthritis is diagnosed with every second pensioner.Since the maximum load falls on the feet (a person moves: walks, stops, runs, jumps), then it is where the first signs of osteoarthritis are formed.

THE MECHANISM OF PROGRESS OF THE DISEASE

When some of the causes that cause the articulation disease with osteoarthritis, the pathological processes begin to develop in it appears.The mechanism of its progression is not completely studied, but the main stages of official medicine are known.

In the initial stage, the structure of the cartilage tissue and abnormal changes in the synovial fluid are produced.All this is due to violations of metabolic processes in which joint tissues do not receive the necessary components in sufficient quantities, or are deprived of some of them.

Next, the elasticity of collagen fibers and cartilage flexibility is lost, due to the fact that, with the lack of nutrients, hyaluronic acid does not have time to produce the softness and flexibility of the structural composition of the collagen fiber.The cartilage dries gradually, becomes fragile and cracks.The liquid in the synovial capsule is gradually exhausted and subsequently disappears completely.

In the cartilage fabric, roughness, solid bone neoplasms are formed.At the same time, the deformation of another joint tissue, its pathological degeneration, dystrophy and the loss of physiological activity are developed.For the patient, these changes mean the appearance of pain, lameness and immobility of the joint.

Symptoms of osteoarthritis

Arthrosis is not characterized by an acute clinical image, the changes in the joints are progressive, which grow slowly, which is manifested by a gradual increase in symptoms:

• pain;
• periodically the crunch arises in the affected joint;
• joint deformation that appears and improves as the disease progresses;
• rigidity;
• Mobility restriction (reducing the volume of active and liabilities in the affected joint)

Pain in arthrosis is transitory stupid, it appears when it moves, at the bottom of an intensive load, at the end of the day (it can be so intense that it does not allow the patient to sleep).The constant and non -grozenada nature of pain for osteoarthritis is little characteristic and indicates the presence of active inflammation (subchondral bone, synovial membrane, ligamentary apparatus or periarticular muscles).

Most patients noticed the presence of the initial pain called in the morning after waking up or after a long period of inaction and passing during motor activity.Many patients define this condition as the need to "develop a articulation" or "disperse."

Arthrosis is characterized by morning rigidity, which has a clear and short -term location (no more than 30 minutes), sometimes patients perceive it as a "gelatin sensation" in the joints.Perhaps a feeling of jam, rigidity.

With the development of reactive synovitis, the main symptoms of osteoarthritis bind:

• pain and local increase in temperature determined by the palpation of the affected joint;
• constant nature of pain;
• Increase in volume joint, swelling of soft tissues;
• Progressive reduction in the volume of movements.

Stages and degree of osteoarthritis

During the disease, medicine distinguishes three stages that have differences in the signs of the disease, the intensity of damage and location.At the same time, the differences in the three stages are related to the types of fabrics that undergo pathological changes.

1. The first degree of development of arthrosis of the joints is the initial phase of the disease.It is characterized by a slight cartilage tissue injury and the loss of physiological functions in collagen fibers.At the same time, in the first stage, minor morphological disorders of bone tissue and structural changes are observed in the synovial fluid.The articulation cartilage is covered with cracks, the patient has a slight pain in the place of location of the pathology.
2. The second degree is the development of osteoarthritis with an increase in dynamics.This stage is characterized by the appearance of stable pain, chroma.Notable morphological and distribution cartridges of the cartilage are observed during diagnosis, bone growths are revealed.Osteophytes are formed: bone growth that are visible during a visual examination of the site of destruction.At the same time, the processes of degenerative changes in the synovial capsule are produced, which leads to its structural exhaustion.The disease in this phase can often aggravate and be regular.The pain gradually becomes constant.
3. The third degree is active progression.At this stage, synovial fluid is almost completely absent due to its degeneration, and abrupt bone tissues.Joint mobility is almost completely absent, pain becomes more tangible.The cartilage tissue is also absent due to degenerative and atrophic changes.The treatment of the third degree of arthrosis of the joints is considered unchantly.

In addition to these three degrees of pathology, there is a final stage: the irrevocable destruction of all joint tissues.In this phase, it is impossible not only to perform a productive therapy, but even eliminate pain syndrome.

The inflammatory process generally begins with a second degree of damage, in rare cases, in the absence of medical intervention, in the first stage.Subsequently, it becomes more difficult to stop it, and this can lead to secondary pathologies, the development of pathogenic microflora instead of location of the disease.

To exclude serious consequences, the treatment must begin from the first grade and the use of intensive care methods.In the last stage associated with the complete destruction of the cartilage tissue, only a methodology to lead the patient from the pain and immobility of the articulation is allowed: endoprotetics with complete or partial replacement of the joint components.

Consequences

The consequences of the inopportune treatment and the arthrosis launched of the joints are loaded with complications such as:

• disability;
• deformation without the possibility of recovery;
• the appearance of vertebrates;
• an inactivity or immobility of the joint;
• Reducing quality and standard of living.

The chronic course, in addition to these complications, is accompanied by intense and frequent pain, the complete destruction of the structural components of the joint, discomfort, the inability to perform physical work and practice sports.

Diagnosis

The diagnosis of osteoarthritis is based on the evaluation of anamnestic data, characteristic manifestations of the disease, the results of the instrumental research methods.The indicative changes in general blood and biochemical analysis for osteoarthritis are not characteristic, they only appear with the development of an active inflammatory process.

The main instrumental method to diagnose osteoarthritis is radiography, in diagnostically unclear cases, calculated or magnetic rejection tomography is recommended.

The osteoarthritis of knee and hip joints occupies a leading place in terms of gravity of clinical manifestations and a negative effect on the quality of life.

Additional diagnostic methods:

• Atraumatic arthroscopy;
• Ultrasonography (evaluation of the articular cartilage thickness, synovial shell, the condition of the joint bags, the presence of fluid);
• Greatherapy (evaluation of the state of bone tissue of the bones that form the joint).

How to treat osteoarthritis?

It is better to treat arthrosis of the joints at an early stage, the treatment itself must be pathogenetic and complex.Its essence is to eliminate the causes that contribute to the development of this disease, it is also necessary to eliminate inflammatory changes and restore the functions that have previously been lost.

The treatment of osteoarthritis is based on several basic principles:

1. SATUuration of the articulation with oxygen, or intra -articular oxygen therapy called So.
2. Drug therapy.
3. Intraocusated block, as well as meta -ifiz decompression.
4. Rational nutrition approach.
5. Damaged joints should be removed from excessive load.If possible, during treatment, it should usually be minimized.
6. After the established orthopedic regime.
7. Physiotherapy exercise classes.
8. The physiotherapy passage, which includes a magnet and electrotherapy, shock waves, as well as laser therapy.
9. Sanatorium treatment.To do this, it is necessary once a year, on the recommendation of a doctor, suffers a course treatment in specialized resorts.

Preparations for the treatment of osteoarthritis

Pharmacological treatment is carried out in the exacerbation phase of osteoarthritis, selected by a specialist.Self -medication is unacceptable due to possible side effects (for example, the negative effects of non -steroidal anti -inflammatory drugs in the gastric mucosa).

The therapy includes the purpose of such medications:

1. Anti -inflammatory drugs.Starting osteoarthritis therapy is integral, can slow down the course of the disease and greatly improve the quality of life.It is worth living in more detail in some treatment points.In particular, medication therapy includes in the initial stage: this is the elimination of pain, as well as the qualification of inflammatory processes that occur in the joints.For this, all doctors use non -steroidal anti -inflammatory medications.Experienced doctors do not recommend their oral use, since these medications largely irritate the stomach walls.Therefore, depending on the chosen drug, intravenous or intramuscular administration is used.Sometimes, as auxiliary means, NSAIDs are used in the form of ointments, but their absorption is extremely low, so it is not possible to achieve a significant effect.
2. Hormonal corticosteroids.When osteoarthritis is in the exacerbation stage, they are advisable hormonal corticosteroids.They are inserted into the Board.Externally, you can use a special patch, ointment or tincture, which are performed on the basis of burning pepper.
3. Condroprotectors aimed at restoring cartilage and improving the high quality composition of synovial fluid will not be superfluous.The course lasts a quite long period of time so far until the improvement occurs.However, if the expected effect does not appear more than a half -year trick, drugs must be canceled.Also intrafast, together with the condroprotectors, it is advisable to use medications made based on hyaluronic acid.They contribute to the formation of a cell membrane responsible for the formation of a joint cartilage.

Physiotherapeutic treatment

To stop pain, reduce inflammation, improve microcirculation and eliminate muscle crawls with osteoarthritis, it is directed to physiotherapy:

• In the exacerbation phase.Prescribe laser therapy, magnetotherapy and ultraviolet irradiation,
• In the remission phase.Electrophoresis and phonoforesis are shown.

In addition, thermal procedures, sulphide, radon and sea baths are used.To strengthen the muscles, electrical stimulation is carried out.You can also use a soft massage in the remission phase.

Surgical treatment

With the inefficiency of these exposure methods, in the presence of complications, they resort to the surgical treatment of osteoarthritis:

1. Decompression of metaepiphiz and prolonged intraóseous blocks (decrease in intraósea pressure in the affected area);
2. Corrective osteotomy;
3. Coprothetics of the joints.

In the early stages of the disease, the mechanical, laser or cold placado debate is used (smoothing the surface of the damaged cartilage, the elimination of non -viable areas).This method effectively stops pain syndrome, but has a temporary effect of 2-3 years.

Popular remedies

Most people in our time do not want to take pills or injections.Therefore, they wonder: how to cure osteoarthritis with the help of popular remedies?For the most part, these funds aim to increase the tone of the body, improve blood circulation, relieve pain and increase immunity.

For the treatment of this disease, such recipes of traditional medicine are used:

1. The egg solution is prepared from the fresh egg yolk, which is mixed with treem and apple vinegar in a proportion of 1: 1: 1. The liquid must be mixed completely and grate with the affected joint throughout the night.Then you need to wrap everything with a wool scarf.It is recommended to rub for 1 month 2-3 times a week.
2. The pharmacy is bought by the eleasil root.As a rule, it faces 50 g packages.For the preparation of the tincture, it will take half a package of plant roots and 150 ml of high quality vodka.The ingredients are mixed, placed in a dark bottle and insist for 12 days.The brochures are made before bedtime, and if possible in the morning.

3. The use of boiled oats also gives good results.Take three or four spoons of oatmeal, pour boiling water and cook over low heat for five to seven minutes.The amount of water used must guarantee the reception of thick porridge, which must be cooled and used as a compress at night.Use only boiled boiled boiled.Yesterday's porridge for the compress is not adequate.
4. Birch leaves, ortigas and inflorescence of the calendula are taken in equal parts.As a result, you must obtain two tablespoons.We fold the stinging chopped collection in a thermos, we go a liter of boiling water and leave it during the night.Starting below in the morning, it is necessary to drink half a decoction glass of four to five times a day.The course of taking this recipe is two to three months.

The tinctures of the bay leaf, the spicy radish, the garlic and the rye grains are also considered effective.The treatment of osteoarthritis with popular remedies will be the most effective if it combines it with drug treatment.

Eaten

The basic principles of nutrition for osteoarthritis are reduced to the following points:

1. Do not eat heavy food for the night so as not to cause an osteoarthritic attack.
2. Eat fractionally.
3. Constantly control the weight, to avoid increasing body weight,And that means an additional load in the painful joints.
4. When there is no exacerbation of the disease, take hiking after eating.
5. The menu must be balanced, compiled with the treating doctor.

There is absolutely no complaint about fish dishes: they can be used a lot, of course, in reasonable quantities. 

1. Do not forget the regular intake of vitamins with food.For patients with osteoarthritis, vitamins B are especially relevant
2. An important role in the treatment of osteoarthritis is assigned to the cold man.This meal will be a real warehouse of trace elements for the painful joints.The most important component of cold is a collagen of natural origin.
3. Vitamin B will help hemoglobin production.You can "get" eating bananas, nuts, cabbage and potatoes.It is worth getting carried away by vegetation and legumes.They will become a source of folic acid.The liver, mushrooms, dairy products and eggs will be useful.They are rich in riboflavin.

When observing the treatment regime prescribed by the doctor, the disease can be removed and damaged tissues will begin to recover.

Prevention

The prevention of osteoarthritis begins with adequate nutrition.It is necessary to try to reduce salt consumption, as well as foods that can interrupt metabolism.These include legumes, fat meat, alcohol.The diet includes cabbage, vegetables and fish.

For the prevention of osteoarthritis, it is necessary to attend physical education classes, make hot.If possible, it is better to pass several kilometers on foot.It is also important to monitor its weight and prevent weight gain, as this will give an additional load in the inflamed joints.It is not recommended to take weight pills, since they can interrupt metabolism in the body.

Forecast

The prognosis for life is favorable.The favorite of the social and labor forecast depends on the punctuality of the diagnosis and the beginning of the treatment, it is reduced by hardening the resolution of the problem of surgical treatment of the disease if necessary.